Tetrachlorethylene 127-18-4
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Tetrachlorethylene (chemical formula Cl2C=CCl2) is a chlorinated hydrocarbon used as an industrial solvent and as a coolant in power transformers. It is a colorless, volatile, non-flammable liquid with an ether-like odor. Tetrachlorethylene is mainly produced by high-temperature chlorolysis of light hydrocarbons.
| describe | Tetrachloroethylene (chemical formula Cl2C=CCl2) is a chlorinated hydrocarbon used as an industrial solvent and as a cooling fluid for power transformers. It is a colorless, volatile, nonflammable liquid with an ether-like odor. Perchlorethylene is mainly produced by high-temperature chlorination of light hydrocarbons. Perchlorethylene is an excellent solvent for organic materials. It has the characteristics of volatility, high stability and non-flammability, so it is widely used in dry cleaning. When mixed with other chlorocarbons, it is also used in the degreasing of metal parts in the automotive and other metalworking industries. It can also be used in neutrino detectors. But it is worth noting that it is a potential carcinogen. |
| chemical properties | Perchlorethylene is a clear, colorless, volatile, nonflammable liquid with an ethereal odor. Insoluble in water. Vapor is heavier than air. Density is approximately 13.5 lbs/gallon. Used in the manufacture of dry cleaning solvents, degreasing solvents, metal desiccants, and other chemicals. |
| use | Tetrachlorethylene (PCE) is also known as perchlorethylene, tetrachlorethylene, and 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethylene, and is often abbreviated as PER or PERC. Tetrachlorethylene is a volatile chlorinated organic hydrocarbon widely used as a solvent in the dry cleaning and textile processing industries and as a degreaser for metal parts. It is an environmental contaminant that has been detected in air, groundwater, surface water, and soil (NRC, 2010). |
| refer to | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/tetrachlorethylenehttps://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/tetra Ethylene chloride#section=Top |
| describe | Perchlorethylene (tetrachloroethylene) is a colorless liquid with a slight ethereal odour. It is slightly soluble in water and soluble in most organic solvents. Perchlorethylene has limited uses and applications. It is used as an intermediate, in industrial and professional settings as a dry cleaning agent, in industrial settings as a surface cleaner, in industrial settings as a heat transfer medium, and by professionals for film cleaning and copying. It is also used as a chemical intermediate in the production of fluorinated compounds and in the degreasing of metals for industrial surface cleaning. Occupational exposure to perchlorethylene may occur in manufacturing facilities or industrial facilities used as intermediates. |
| chemical properties | Perchlorethylene is a clear, colorless, non-flammable liquid with a characteristic odour. The odor is noticeable at 47 ppm, but may become less noticeable for a short time, making it an unreliable warning sign. The odor threshold is 5 ppm to 6.17 (3M). |
| physical properties | Transparent, colorless, non-flammable liquid with chloroform or sweet, ether-like odor. The odor threshold concentration is 4.68 ppm v (Leonardos et al., 1969). The mean minimum detectable odor threshold concentrations in 60°C water and 40°C air were 0.24 and 2.8 mg/L, respectively (Alexander et al., 1982). |
| use | Perchlorethylene is used as a solvent, dry cleaning and metal degreasing. Perchlorethylene is a common industrial solvent that is often found as a groundwater contaminant. Perchlorethylene is also a suspected human carcinogen and is difficult to biodegrade because it has no natural source. This compound is a Contaminant of Emerging Concern (CEC). |
| production method | Perchlorethylene (PCE) was first prepared in 1821 and commercial production began in the United States in 1925. There are several commercial grades available that vary in the amount and type of added stabilizers such as amines, phenols and epoxides. The industrial production process of tetrachlorethylene includes three technical routes: (1) Chlorination of trichlorethylene, followed by dehydrochlorination. (2) Oxychlorination of ethylene. (3) Chlorination and pyrolysis of light hydrocarbons. The production of tetrachlorethylene in my country mainly adopts trichlorethylene chlorination and dehydrochlorination processes, while the other two processes are also widely used in other countries. |
| definition | ChEBI: A chlorocarbon that is tetrachloroethylene substituted. |
| synthetic references | Journal of the American Chemical Society, 90, p. 5307, 1968 DOI: 10.1021/ja01021a065 |
| general instructions | Perchlorethylene (perchlorethylene, PCE) is a chlorinated ethylene compound commonly used as a dry cleaning and degreasing solvent. It is infrared transparent because it has no CH bonds, making it an ideal solvent for the infrared spectrum. Tetrachlorethylene is a man-made pollutant that is difficult to degrade. It is a groundwater contaminant that adversely affects human health due to its potential toxicity and carcinogenicity. Some of the proposed degradation methods include Fenton oxidation treatment, reductive dehalogenation under methanogenic conditions, and reduction using zero-valent metal ions. One of the reported synthesis methods is from dichloroethane and chlorine. |
| air and water reaction | Insoluble in water. |
| reactive profile | Perchlorethylene decomposes upon heating and exposure to ultraviolet light, producing phosgene and HCl. Reacts violently with finely divided light metals (aluminum) and zinc. [Safe Handling of Chemicals 1980 p. 887]. A mixture with finely divided barium or lithium metal can detonate [ASESB Pot. Incid. 39. 1968; Chemistry. engineer. News 46(9):38. 1968]. Decomposes very slowly in water to form trichloroacetic acid and hydrochloric acid |
| health hazard | Exposure to perchlorethylene can cause headaches, dizziness, drowsiness, incoordination, irritation of the eyes, nose and throat, and flushing of the neck and face. Exposure to high concentrations can produce narcotic effects. The main target organs are the central nervous system, mucous membranes, eyes, and skin. The kidneys, liver and lungs are less affected. Symptoms of central nervous system depression occur in humans after repeated daily exposure to concentrations of 200 ppm for 7 hours. Chronic exposure to concentrations of 200 to 1600 ppm causes drowsiness, depression, and enlarged kidneys and livers in rats and guinea pigs. Rats exposed to 4000 ppm vapor in the air can be fatal in 4 hours. Ingestion of perchlorethylene may produce a range of toxic effects, including nausea, vomiting, drowsiness, tremor, and ataxia. However, oral toxicity is low, with animal LD50s ranging from 3000 to 9000 mg/kg. Skin contact with fluids may cause skin degreasing and dermatitis. Evidence of carcinogenicity has been found in experimental animals subjected to inhalation or oral administration. It causes tumors in the blood, liver and kidneys of rats and mice. Carcinogenicity to humans has not been reported. |
| fire hazard | Special hazards from combustion products: Toxic and irritating gases may be produced in a fire. |
| Flammability and explosiveness | non-flammable |
| Biochemical/Physiological Actions | Animal carcinogens, increase the incidence of renal adenoma, adenocarcinoma, monocytic leukemia and hepatocellular tumors. |
| Security overview | Perchlorethylene is a non-flammable, colorless liquid with a strong sweet smell. Perchlorethylene is widely used in dry cleaning fabric and metal degreasing operations. Effects of acute (short-term) inhalation of high levels of PCE in humans include upper respiratory tract and eye irritation, renal dysfunction, and neurological effects such as reversible mood and behavioral changes, impaired coordination, dizziness, headache, drowsiness, and Unconsciousness. The primary effects of chronic (long-term) inhalation exposure are neurological and include impairment of cognitive and motor neurobehavioral performance. Exposure to PCE may also cause adverse effects on the kidneys, liver, immune and blood systems, as well as development and reproduction. Studies of people exposed in the workplace have found links to a variety of cancers, including bladder cancer, non-Hodgkin lymphoma, and multiple myeloma. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency has classified tetrachlorethylene as a possible carcinogen to humans. |
| potential contact | Tetrachlorethylene is used in the textile industry as a chemical intermediate or heat exchange fluid; a widely used solvent, especially as a dry cleaning agent; a degreasing agent; a fumigant and used medically as an insect repellent. |
| Carcinogenicity | Based on sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity from experimental animal studies, tetrachlorethylene is reasonably expected to be a human carcinogen. |
| Shipping | UN1897 Tetrachlorethylene, hazard level: 6.1; label: 6.1-toxic substance. |
| Purification method | It decomposes under conditions similar to CHCl3 to give phosgene and trichloroacetic acid. Inhibitors of this reaction include ethanol, ether, and thymol (2-5 ppm effective). Tetrachlorethylene should be distilled under vacuum (to avoid phosgene formation) and stored in the dark away from contact with air. It can be purified by washing with 2M HCl until the aqueous phase no longer changes color, then drying with water, Na2CO3, Na2SO4, CaCl2 or P2O5 and fractionating before use. 1,1,2-Trichloroethane and 1,1,1,2-tetrachloroethane can be removed by countercurrent extraction with EtOH/water. [Berstein 1 IV 715. ] |
| Incompatibility | Reacts violently with strong oxidizing agents; powdered chemically active metals such as aluminum, lithium, beryllium and barium; caustic soda; sodium hydroxide; potash fertilizers. Perchlorethylene is fairly stable. However, it reacts violently with concentrated nitric acid, producing carbon dioxide as the main product. It decomposes slowly on contact with moisture to produce trichloroacetic acid and hydrochloric acid. Decomposes under ultraviolet rays and above 150°C to form hydrochloric acid and phosgene. |
| waste disposal | Consult environmental regulatory agencies for guidance on acceptable disposal practices. Producers of waste containing this contaminant (≥100 kg/mo) must comply with EPA regulations for storage, transportation, handling, and waste disposal. Incinerate, preferably mixed with another combustible fuel. Care must be taken to ensure complete combustion to prevent the formation of phosgene. An acid scrubber is required to remove the generated halo acids. Alternatively, perchlorethylene can be recovered from the waste gas and reused. |
| Perchlorethylene upstream and downstream product information |
| raw material | Chlorine --> 1,2-Dichloroethane --> Trichloroethylene --> 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane-D2 --> Pentachloroethane --> 2,3- Dichloroethane Chloro-1-propanol --> 1,3-dichloro-2-propanol --> Glycerol |
| Preparation products | Carbon tetrachloride --> Trichloroethylene --> Cleaning agent --> Trichloroacetic acid --> 4-Aminophenylarsonic acid --> Ambroxol -- >Hexachloroethane--> Trichloroacetyl chloride --> Sodium N-cyclohexylsulfamate --> Fluoroacetamide --> 1,1,1,2,2,3,3-heptachloropropane --> Phosgene -- > Pentafluoroethane- -> 1,2,3,6,7,8-Hexachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin --> 1,2, 3,7,8,9-Hexachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin |
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