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N-heptane 142-82-5
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n-Heptane is a flammable liquid found in crude oil and widely used in the automotive industry. For example, as a solvent, as a gasoline knock test standard, as an automotive starter fluid and as paraffinic naphtha. n-Heptane can cause adverse health effects in occupational workers such as central nervous system depression, skin irritation and pain. Other compounds such as n-octane (CH 3 (CH 2 ) 6 CH 3 ), n-nonane (CH 3 (CH 2 ) 7 CH 3 ) and n-decane (CH 3 (CH 2 ) 8 CH 3 ) have different industrial application. Occupational workers exposed to these compounds can also experience adverse health effects. In principle, the management of these aliphatic compounds requires appropriate handling and disposal to avoid health problems and maintain chemical safety standards to ensure the safety of workers and the living environment.
| chemical properties | n-Heptane is a flammable liquid found in crude oil and widely used in the automotive industry. For example, as a solvent, as a gasoline knock test standard, as an automotive starter fluid and as paraffinic naphtha. n-Heptane can cause adverse health effects in occupational workers such as central nervous system depression, skin irritation and pain. Other compounds such as n-octane (CH 3 (CH 2 ) 6 CH 3 ), n-nonane (CH 3 (CH 2 ) 7 CH 3 ) and n-decane (CH 3 (CH 2 ) 8 CH 3 ) have different industrial application. Occupational workers exposed to these compounds can also experience adverse health effects. In principle, the management of these aliphatic compounds requires appropriate handling and disposal to avoid health problems and maintain chemical safety standards to ensure the safety of workers and the living environment. |
| chemical properties | Heptane is a clear liquid that is highly flammable and volatile with a mild gasoline-like odor. Odor threshold is 40 547 ppm; also reported @ 230 ppm. |
| physical properties | A clear, colorless, very flammable liquid with a light, pleasant odor similar to hexane or octane. Nagata and Takeuchi (1990) reported an odor threshold concentration of 670 ppb v based on the triangular bag odor method. |
| use | Suitable for HPLC, spectrophotometry, and environmental testing |
| use | As a standard for testing gasoline engine knocking. |
| use | Heptane is a solvent and viscosity reducer. |
| definition | Colorless liquid alkanes obtained from petroleum refining. It is used as a solvent. |
| definition | Heptane: a liquid linear alkane extracted from petroleum, C 7 H 16 ; RD 0.684; melting point -90.6°C; bp98.4°C. When normalized for octane, heptane has a value of zero. |
| production method | Heptane is produced during the refining process. High-purity heptane is produced by adsorbing commercial heptane through molecular sieves. |
| synthetic references | Tetrahedral letters, 3, p. 43, 1962 DOI: 10.1007/BF01499754 |
| general instructions | Clear, colorless liquid with a petroleum-like odor. Flash point 25°F. The density is smaller than water and insoluble in water. Vapor is heavier than air. |
| air and water reaction | Highly flammable. Insoluble in water. |
| reactive profile | Heptane is incompatible with the following materials: Strong oxidizing agents. |
| adventure | Toxic if inhaled. Flammable and fire hazard. |
| health hazard | Vapor: Not irritating to eyes, nose or throat. If inhaled, it may cause coughing or difficulty breathing. Liquid: Irritating to skin and eyes. If swallowed, may cause nausea or vomiting. |
| fire hazard | Flammable. Flashbacks along vapor trails may occur. Vapors may explode if ignited in an enclosed area. |
| chemical reactivity | Reactivity with water: Not relevant; Reactivity with common materials: Not relevant; Stability during transport: Stable; Neutralizer for acids and caustics: Not relevant; Polymerization: Not relevant; Polymerization inhibitors: Not relevant. |
| potential contact | n-Heptane is used in graphics, textiles, adhesives, and coatings; as an industrial solvent and in petroleum refining processes; and as a standard for testing gasoline engine knock. |
| source | Sauer et al. (1999) reported a heptane emission rate of 470 g/km in the exhaust of a diesel-powered medium-duty truck. was identified as one of 140 volatile components in waste soybean oil collected from processing plants that fry various beef, chicken, and veal products (Takeoka et al., 1996). Sauer et al. (2001) measured organic compound emission rates of volatile organic compounds, gas-phase semi-volatile organic compounds, and particulate-phase organic compounds from residential (fireplace) pine, oak, and eucalyptus combustion. The gas phase emission rate of heptane is 28.9mg/kg pine wood burning. Heptane emission rates during oak and eucalyptus combustion have not been measured. California Stage 2 reformulated gasoline contains heptane at a concentration of 9,700 mg/kg. Gas-phase exhaust emission rates for gasoline-powered vehicles with and without catalytic converters are 1.82 mg/km and 268 mg/km, respectively (Schauer et al., 2002). |
| environmental fate | biology. Heptane can biodegrade in two ways. The first is the formation of heptyl hydroperoxide, which decomposes to 1-heptanol, which is then oxidized to heptanoic acid. Another pathway involves dehydrogenation to 1-heptene, which can react with water to form 1-heptanol (Dugan, 1972). Microorganisms can oxidize alkanes under aerobic conditions (Singer and Finnerty, 1984). The most common degradation pathway involves oxidation of the terminal methyl group to form the corresponding alcohol (1-heptanol). Alcohols can undergo a series of dehydrogenation steps to form heptanal followed by oxidation to form heptanoic acid. The acid can then be metabolized by β-oxidation to form mineralization products, carbon dioxide and water (Singer and Finnerty, 1984). Photolytic. It is reported that the rate constant of the reaction between hexane and OH radicals in the atmosphere is as follows: 7.15×10 −12 cm 3 /mol·sec (Atkinson, 1990). The photooxidation reaction rate constants for the reaction of heptane with OH and NO3 were reported to be 7.19 x 10 -12 and 1.36 x 10 -16 cm 3 /molecule·second, respectively (Sabljič and Güsten, 1990). Based on the photooxidation rate constant of heptane and OH radicals of 7.15 x 10 -12 cm 3 /molecule·second, the atmospheric lifetime under summer sunlight is estimated to be 19 hours (Altshuller, 1991). Chemistry/Physics. Complete combustion in air produces carbon dioxide and water vapour. Heptane does not hydrolyze because it has no hydrolyzable functional groups. |
| Shipping | UN1206 HEPTANE, HAZARD CLASS: 3; LABEL: 3 - FLAMMABLE LIQUID. |
| Toxicity evaluation | Its mechanism of acute toxicity is suspected to be similar to other solvents that rapidly induce anesthetic-like effects, namely "non-specific anesthesia" due to disruption (dissolution) of central nervous system (CNS) cell membrane integrity. This damaging anesthesia may also contribute to the pathology of chronic toxicity, although the gamma-diketone metabolite of n-heptane will contribute to any delayed peripheral neurotoxicity seen in humans after long-term exposure, similar to the mechanism seen with hexane. Although the mechanism of toxicity of n-heptane is thought to be similar to that of hexane in terms of polyneuropathies, human exposure in the workplace is often a mixture of other solvents, and animal data are unconvincing. Heptane is generally considered to be less toxic than hexane, but slightly more toxic than octane. This may be because it is less volatile than the former but more volatile than the latter (consistent with a non-specific anesthetic mechanism of VOC toxicity). However, if n-heptane is inhaled into the lungs, it can have similar adverse effects as petroleum distillates. |
| Incompatibility | May form explosive mixture with air. Strong oxidizers may cause fire and explosion. Attacks some plastics, rubbers and coatings. Static electricity may build up, which may ignite its vapors. |
| waste disposal | The material is dissolved or mixed with a combustible solvent and burned in a chemical incinerator equipped with an afterburner and scrubber. All federal, state and local environmental regulations must be followed. |
| n-heptane preparation products and raw materials |
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